Hydraulic drive



Sepfzr. 1%, 1945. w, FERR|$ 2385,5369

' HYDRAULIC DRIVE Filed Feb. .27, 1942 V 4 Sheets-Sheet l v mV 'NTok. WALTER FERRIS Sept. 18, 1945. w FERRls 2,385,059

HYDRAULIC DRIVE Fild Feb. 27, 1942 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 mmvroa WALTE FEHRISV I ATTORNEY.

Patented Sept. 18,

HYDRAULIC DRIVE Walter Ferris, Milwaukee, we, asalgnor to n Oilgear Company, Milwaukee, Win, a corporation of Wisconsin Application February 27,1942, Serial No. 482,805 Claims. (01. 60-53) load to a minimum. Another object is to re-' This application is acontinuation-in-part of application Serial No. 344,636 filed July 10, 1940, now abandoned.

The invention relates a pump for supplyin liquidto the motor to enable it to drive a load, and means for reversing the direction of pump delivery to thereby cause the motor to drive the load first in one direction and then in the opposite direction at predetermined speeds as determined by the relative displacements of the pump and the motor.

A load driven in opposite directions alternate- 1y must be decelerated from its current speed to zero speed and then accelerated to a desired to hydraulic drives of. the type that includes a rotary hydraulic motor,

speed at the end of its movement in each direction, and the motor torque required to accelerate it to a desired speed is generally greater than the torque required to move it at that speed after it has been accelerated.

A hydraulic transmission constructed according to the invention is particularly adapted for driving an inertia load, that is, a load which requires a greater motor torque to overcome its inertia than the torque required .to overcome its friction and other resistances acting in one direction. Such a load will usually overrun the point at which the pump is reversed to thereby reverse the direction of load movement.

Examples of such loads are machine tool carriages that move'at high speeds, such as the tables ofzbed planers. Another example is the swinging machinery of revolving excavators. In a planer, a greater force is required to move the table during its workingstrok'e than during its return stroke and reversal is ordinarily eflected by. dogs which trip the reversing mechanism as each direction but the inertia of the table will cause it to overrun the point at which the dogs trip the reversing mechanism. In an excavator, more torque is required to operate the swinging machinery when the dipper is loaded than when it is empty, particularly if the loaded dipper is being moved up an inclined plane due to the exacavator being inclined, and the swinging machinery is; controlled manually by the operator but the inertia of the revolving masses will cause the dipper to overrun the point at which the operator actuates the controls to stop the swinging movement of the dipper.

The principal objects of the invention are to reduce'to a minimum the time required by a transmission to. stop or reverse an inertia load and to reduce the amount of overrun of an inertia ,the table approaches the end of its stroke in duce the time of reversal without increasing the power input to the pump during reversal.

Other objects and advantages of the inven-' tion will appear from the description hereinafter given of hydraulic drives in which the invention is embodied. I

According to the invention in its general aspect, my improved drive includes a variable displacement rotary hydraulic motor for driving a load, a reversible pump for supplying liquid to the motor to enable it to drive the load. means for adjusting the pump to accelerate or decelerate the load, and means acting coincidentally with the acceleration or deceleration of the load for increasing the displacement of the motor to thereby provide additional torque to eflect the required acceleration or deceleration.

The invention is exemplified by the drive shown schematically in the accompanying drawings in which the views are as follows:

Fig. 1 is a diagram of the hydraulic and electric circuits of a planer drive .in which the invention is embodied.

Fig. 2 is a vertical section through the hydraulic motor shown in Fig. 1, the upper part of the viewbeing taken through the center of the rotor and the lower part'of the view being taken alon the face of the rotor.

Figs. 3 and 4 are views showing the severalparts of the displacement varying mechanism of the motor in positions different in Fig. 2.

Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing a modification of the drive shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 6 is a view showing a pump control valve in a position diiferent from those shown in Figs. 1 and 5.

Fig. 7 is a view showing a motor control valve infa position different from that shown in Fig. 1.

For the purpose of illustration the invention has been shown embodied in planer drives but it may as readily be embodied in drives for other types ofmachines.

Fig. 1 The invention has been shown in this figure as embodied in a drive for a planer of which,

since it forms no part of the invention, only th table has been shown.

Table l is driven by a rotaryhydraulic motor 2 energized by liquid supplied thereto by a, re-

versible variable displacement pump 3 which has opposite sides thereof connected by two chan-- nels 4 and i to opposite sides of motor 2.

from those shown 2 assaoeo Motion is transmitted from motor 2 to table through a drive 6 which, in' order to simplify the drawings, has been shown as being a rack and pinion drive connected to motor 2 by a chain and sprocket drive but the table is ordinarily provided with a conventional drive such as a nut and screw or a spiral gear drive according to the modern practice.

While any suitable type of p p ay be ployed, pump 3 has been shown as being of the rolling piston type fully illustrated and described in Patent No. 2,074,068. It is deemed sufllcient to state herein that pump 3 has its pumping mechanism arranged within a displacement varying member or slide block 1 and that pump 3 will deliver liquid in a direction and at a rate dependent upon the direction and the distance slide block I is shifted from its central or neutral position in which position of slide block I the displacement of pump 3 is zero and no liquid will be delivered thereby.

Slide block I is at all times urged toward the left by liquid acting upon a piston 3 which is connected to or in engagement with slide block 1 and is fitted in a stationary cylinder 3 carried by the casing of pump 3.

An adjusting screw I is threaded through the end of cylinder 9 to limit the movement of piston 8 and slide block 1 toward the right. Turnins screw ID will adjust the rate at which pump 3 will discharge liquid into channel 3. v

Slide block 1 is adapted to be moved toward the right by liquid acting upon one or the other of two pistons H and I2 which are fitted in a stationary cylinder l3 carried by the pump casing. Piston Ii engages slide block 1 and piston I2 is adapted to engage the outer face of Piston il.

The movement of piston l2 toward the right is limited by a collar |3 fixed on a stop rod it which extends loosely through pistons II and i2 and through the head of cylinder l3. The inner end of rod is is adapted to engage slide block 1 and the outer end of rod I3 is provided with a nut l6 which is adjusted to so position collar l3 that piston l2 when energized will move slide block 1 exactly to its neutral position.

The outer end of rod I is adapted to engage an adjusting screw II which is threaded through a cap l8 fixed to the head of cylinder l3. Turning screw |1 adjusts the distance red I! and slide block 1 may be moved toward the left to thereby determine the rate at which pump 3 will deliver liquid into channel 3.

Pistons ii and I2 are larger than piston 3 so that slide block 1 will be moved toward the right when liquid is simultaneously supplied to both of cylinders 9 and I3 at the same pressure.

Liquid for operating pistons H and i2 is supplied by a gear pump I9 which is ordinarily driven in unison with pump 3 and arranged in the casing thereof according to the usual practice but which, for the purpose of illustration, hasbeen shown as being separate therefrom.

Gear pump It draws liquid from a reservoir 23 and discharges it. into a branched supply channel 2| at a rate in excess of requirements, the excess liquid being exhausted through a relief valve 22 which enables gear pump is to maintain a channel 2| a pressure equal to the resistance of relief valve 22.

Supply channel 2| has two of its branches connected, respectively, to opposite sides of the main circuit through two check valves 23 and 23 which permit gear pump it to keep the circuit flooded and which protect gear pump it from the high pressures created by pump 3. While check valves 23 and 23 have been shown connected to channels 3 and 3 respectively, they are ordinarily arranged inside the casing of pump 3. Also, pump 3 is ordinarily provided with an automatic suction valve, such as the valve shown schematically in Patent No. 2,114,005, in order that pump 2 may draw liquid from reservoir in case gear pump II at any time fails to-supply sufficient liquid to the low pressure side of the circuit.

Another branch of supply channel 2| is connected to the outer end of cylinder 3 so that piston 3 is constantly urged toward the left by a constant force which is proportional to gear pump pressure. Thisbranch has an adjustable choke 23 arranged therein to limit the rate of flow to and from cylinder 3 and thereby limit the rate at which pistons 3, H and I2 can shift slide block 1 to reverse pump 3.

Another branch of supply channel 2| is connected to a valve 23 which controls the flow oi liquid to and from cylinder l3 and thereby controls the operation of pump 3. Control valve 23 has a valve member or plunger 21 fitted in a valve casing 23 to control communication between four annular grooves or ports 23, 33, 3| and 32 formed in valve casing 23.

Port 23 communicates with the branch of supply channel 2| that is connected to valve 28.

- Port is connected by a ch el 33 to cylinder l3 at or near the outer end ereof. Port 3| is connected by a channel 33 to cylinder I3 at a point between pistons ii and i2. Port 32 is connected to a drain channel 35 which discharges into reservoir 20.

When valve member 21 is in its central position as shown in Fig. 1, pressure extends from channel 2| through valve casing 23 and channel 33 to the left end of cylinder l3 and holds piston l2 against collar l3 on stop rod l3, and the space between pistons II and I2 communicates through channel 33 and valve casing 23 with drain channel 33 so that the pressure in cylinder 3 will cause piston 3 to move slide block 1 against piston II and piston against piston I2 in which position of slide block 1 pump 3 is at zero stroke 4 and no liquid will be delivered thereby.

When valve member 21' is shifted toward the right to. the position shown in Fig. 6, port 23 is blocked and channels 33 and 33 are open to drain charge liquid into channel I at a rate determined by the adjustment of screw I1.

When valve member 21 is shifted toward the left to the position shown in Fig. 5, port 32 is blocked and channels 33 and 33 are open to por 23 so that liquid from gear pump is can flow through channel 2|, valve casing 23 and channels 33 and 33 to cylinder l3 and cause pistons H and I2 to move slide block 1 toward the right until piston 2 abuts collar l3 and then piston will move slide block 1 toward the right until piston 3 abuts adjusting screw III at which time pump 3 will discharge liquid into channel 3 at a rate determined by the adjustment of screw it.

Valve member 21 is normally held in its central or neutral position by two springs 33 an'd31 arranged, respectively, in two chambers 33 and 28 which are formed in opposite ends of valve casing 23 and connected to drainclr-annel fl.

Valve member 21 is adapted to be shifted in I assaoeo one, direction or the other by one or theot'her" of two solenoids 40 and 4| the cores which .are connected, respectively, to valve stems 42 and 42 which are fixed to opposite .ends of valve member 21 and extend outward through chamhers 88 and I8. Solenoids 48 and 4lf are'controlled in a manner to be presently described.

Motor 2 may be or any suitable ype but, since a motor of the vane type has a considerably greater torque in proportion to its weight and size than a motor of the piston type, motor 2 has been shown in Figs. 2 to 4 as being of the vane type and, with the exception orthe mechanism for shifting the displacement varying members, as being substantially the-same as the motor shown in Patent No. 2,141,170 to which attention is directed for details of construction.

It is deemed sumo lent to state herein that motor 2 has its driving mechanism arranged within a casing 48 having a circular recess 48 formed therein and an annular spacer ring 41 closely fitted within recess 48. Spacer ring 41 has arranged therein a cylindrical rotor 48 which is smaller in diameter than the inner diameter of ring 41 and is splined on a shaft 48 which is :lournaled in casing 48 and connected to table i by drive 8.

between adjacent chambers 84 and 88 so that, when pump 8 directs liquid to motor 2 through channel 4, the liquid will flow through passage 88 and ports 88 into chambers 84 and cause vanes 88 to rotate rotor 48 and shaft 48 in a clockwise direction in respectto Fig. 2, and the liquid .carried across bridges 82 by the vanes will be exhausted into chamber 88 and then flow through means of fluid pressure supplied to the inner ends or the vane slots as fully explained in Patent No.

' The displacement of .motor 2 may be varied by moving bridges 82 toward or from the periphery of rotor 48. Moving bridges 82 inward will in- Rotor 48 has a plurality of radial vane slots extending inward from its periphery and a plurality of vanes 80 fitted in said slots and adapted to engage a continuous vane track which is arranged in the space between the outer periphcry of rotor 48 and the inner periphery oi spacer I ring 41 and consists of two stationary bridges 8| arranged diametrically opposite each other, two

movable bridges 82 spaced 90 from bridges II, and tour flexible track sections 88 each or which 7 has one 01' its ends fixed to one side of a movto move freely between two cheek plates (not shown) which are held in firm engagement with opposite faces of spacer ring 41 as plainly illustrated inPatent No. 2,141,170.

Bridges ii are rigidly secured in or are formed integral with spacer ring 41 and have their inner faces arranged close to the periphery of rotor 4-8. Bridges 52 are slidably fitted in ring 41 to form fluidtight Joints therewith and have their inner faces spaced from the periphery of rotor 48 when the motor is operating.

The space between the periphery oi. rotor 48 and the inner periphery of ring 41 is thus divided by bridges Ii and 82 and the vanes in contact therewith into a pair of diametrically opcrease the motor speed and decrease the available torque while moving bridges 82 outward will decrease the motor speed and increase the available torque.

For the purpose of illustration, bridges 82 have been shown as adapted to be adjusted to either a minimum displacement position as shown in Fig. 2, a maximum displacement position as shown in Fig. 4 or an intermediate displacement position as shown in Fig. 3. When motor 2 is adjusted as shown in Fig. 3, it will operate at a predetermined speed and, for example, be capable of driving table I at the rate desired when a tool is taking a cut from work carriedby table i.

When motor 2 is adjusted as shown in Fig. 2,

it will operate at its highest adjusted speed and.

for example, be capable of driving table i at the speeddesired during the return or non-cuttin stroke thereof. When motor 2 is adjusted as shown in Fig. 4, its torque will be maximum and it will be capable, for example, of decelerating table I to zero speed and then accelerating it toward its normal speed with a minimum of delay. Motor 2 is not necessarily an oversize motor underrated for the particular drive of which it forms a part but it may be of the same size that would ordinarily be employed to drive its load and have the same size ports and pipe connections but it would be so constructed that its displaceposed chambers '84 and a. pair of diametrically outer end with channel 5.

The vanes I0 which are in contact with bridges 8| and 82 provide a substantially fluidti'ght seal merit could be increased beyond the normal maximum. This is readily accomplished in a vane typ motor but, when so constructed, the maximum available power output of the motor would not be proportional to the maximum displacement for the reason that the ports and passages of the motor would be too small to carry at normal rate 01' flow the volume otliquid required to drive the motor at its normal rotative speed when it was at maximum displacement. During operation at maximum displacement and normal speed the fluid resistance is abnormal, but this merely assists in the deceleration of the load.

Bridges 52 are urged outward by the motive liquid acting upon the inner faces thereof and they are adapted to be moved inward by hydraulically operated displacement varying mechanism, justable stops being provided for accurately 10 eating bridges 52 in each of their positions.

As shown, that part of each bridge 82 that is slidable in spacer ring 41 is hollow and has arranged therein a push rod 8| which is connected I rod 8i is held by a bolt 88 in contact with a complementary surface formed in a lever 81 which is pivoted at its lower end upon a shaft 88 carried by casing 85. In order that levers 88 and 81 may rock upon their shafts without distortin bolts 88 and 88 or push rods 8|, bolts 88 and 88 extend loosely through levers 88 and 81, respectlvely, and have spring washers under their heads so as to permit a slight relative movement between each bolt head and lever.

The upper ends of levers 88 and 81 are pivoted, respectively, to two forks 88 and 18 fixed upon opposite ends of a piston rod 1i which has a piston 12 fixed thereon and fitted in a cylinder 13 formed in casing 88. The movement of piston 12 in opposite directions is limited by two stop screws 18 and 15 which are threaded into opposite ends of casing 88 and adapted to be engaged by levers 88 and 81 respectively.

Cylinder 18 is adapted to be connected either to the pressure side of the hydraulic circuit or to drain through a channel 18 as will presently be explained. When channel 18 is connected to the pressure side of the circuit,,liquid will enter cylinder 13 and cause piston 11 to swing the, upper ends of levers 88 and 81 toward the left until lever 88 engages stop screw 18, thereby reducing motor displacement to a predetermined minimum as determined by the adjustment of screw 18 and as shown in Fig. 2.

When cylinder 18 is opened to drain, the upper ends of levers 88 and 61 are free to swing toward the right so that the motive liquid acting upon the inner faces of bridges 82 will move them outward until lever 81 engages stop screw 18 at which time motor displacement is at a maximum as determined by the adjustment of stop screw 18 andas shown in Fig. 4.

Adjustment of bridges 52 to their intermediate position is effected by means of a piston 11 which is adapted to engage the upper end of lever 88 and is fitted in a; cylinder 18 formed in casing 88. Movement of piston 11 toward the right is limited by a stop nut 18 threaded upon a stem 88 which extends through the head of cylinder 18 and is fixed to piston 11.

Cylinder 18 is adapted to be connected to one side of the hydraulic circuit orto be connected to drain through a channel 8I. When channel 8I is'connected to the hydraulic circuit, liquid will enter cylinder 18 and move piston 11 toward the right until nut 18 engages the head of cylinder 18 so that, when liquid is supplied to cylinder 13 to cause piston 12 to move toward theleft, the upper end of lever 88 will engage piston 11 which will arrest further movement of piston 12 and hold bridges 82 in their intermediate positions as shown in ,Fig. 3. When cylinder 18 is connected to drain-and liquid is supplied to cylinder 13, piston 12 will swing the upper ends of levers 88 and 81 toward the left until stopped by screw 18 as previously explained.

Referring now more particularly to Fig. l, the delivery of liquid to cylinder 18 is under the control of an automatic valve 85 having a valve memher or plunger '88 fitted in the bore of a valve is connected to channel, 8 by a channel 83 and port 88 has channel 8| connected thereto. The arrangement is such that, when pump 3 is discharging into channel8 and the pressure therein exceeds a predeterminedvalue, pressure willextend from channel8 through channel 8| to the left end of casing 81 and move valve member 88 toward the right against the resistance of spring 88 to-connect port 88 to port 88 as shown in Fig. 7' and then liquid will flow from channel 8 through channel 88, valve casing 81 and channel 8.I to cylinder 18 and move piston 11 toward the right to the position shown in Fig. 3. When the pressure in channel 8 drops below thepredetermined value, spring 88 will move piston 88 toward the left to connect port 88 to drain channel 82 as shown in Fig. l and'then piston 11 may be moved toward the left when servo-motor 12-13 (Fig. 2) is energized.

The flowof liquid to and from servo motor- II-18 (Fig. 2) is under the control of either a pressure responsive valve 88 as shown in Fig. 1 or a position responsive valve 88' as shown in of casing 88. Valve member is provided with three spaced apart heads or pistons 88, I88 and IN to control communication between a channel I82'which communicates with the bore of casing 88 at a point between pistons 88 and 688,

an annular groove or port I88 which is formed in the wall of the bore of casing 88 and has a channel I88 connected thereto, and a drain channel I88 which discharges into reservoir '28 and communicates with the bore of casing 88 at a point betweenpistons I88 and IN and also communicates with spring chamber 88 and with the left end of the bore of casing 88.

Channel I8! is connected to the outlets of two check valves I88 and I81 the inlets of which are connected, respectively, to channels 8 and 5 by channels I88 and I88. Check valves I88 and I81 permit liquid to flow freely from either channel 8 or channel 8 into channel I82 but prevent flow in the opposite direction so that there is no flow through channel I82 from one to the other oi channels 8 and 8.

Channel I88 is connected to channel 18 but,

in order to limit the rate at which the displacement of motor 2 is changed, it is connected thereto through suitable flow restricting means. However, since liquid is supplied to cylinder 13 at a high pressure anddischarged therefrom at a lower pressure and since it is sometimes desirable that the displacement of motor 2 be increased at one rate and decreased at a different rate, channel i88 has been shown connected to channel 18 through two adjustable chokes H8 and III, which are'connected between channels 18 and I88 in parallel with each other, and two check valves II! and Ill which open in opposite directions and are each connected in series with a choke.II8 or III.

Valve member 88 is adapted to be shifted todirectionor the other.

4i under the control of a double acting limit ward the right against the resistance of spring II to connect cylinder II to drain in response to the pressure in either side of the hydraulic circuit circuit exceeding a predetermined value, This may be accomplished by means of two servw motors which are energized from opposite sides of the circuit.

' As shown. a cylinder H4 is arranged upon the left end of valve casing II, a plunger III extends through and is closely fitted for reciprocation in the wall between cylinder H4 and the bore of casing II, a cylinder III is arranged upon the left end of cylinder III, a plunger III extends through and is closely fitted for reciprocation in the wall between cylinders H4 and III, and

branches III and III of channels III and III) are: connected, respectively, to cylinders III and The arrangement is such that, when valve member II is in the position shown in Fig. 1, pressure in either channel 4 or channel I will extend through channel III or III, check valve III or ill, channel II2, valve casing II, channel III, check valve II2. choke III and channel II to cylinder II and cause piston 12 to swing the upper ends of levers I4 and Il toward the left to decrease the displacement of motor 2 as previously explained, choke III limiting the rate at which liquid is delivered to cylinder -II and thereby limiting the rate at which motor displacement is reduced.

When pump I is discharging into channel I and is creating therein a pressure in excess of a given value, this pressure will extend through channels III and III to cylinder III and cause plunger III to shift valve member II toward the right to the position shown in Fig. I. When pump I is discharging into channel 4 and is creating therein a pressure in excess of a given value, this pressure will extend through channels III and III 30 lefthand fork of. switch arm I2I and operate switch III which is adapted to be shifted from one to the other of its two positions by suitable dogs 1 carried by planer table I.

The showing of the electric circuit and the table dogs is purely schematic and it is to be understoodthat in practice conventional table dogs are employed and that the circuit includes limit.

starting, stop, inching and contactor switches of conventional types.

As shown, limit switch in has its actuating -arm I2I forked and adapted to be engaged first switch arm III and operate switch III to the position shown in Fig. l which, as will presently be explained, will effect reversal of table I. -When table Imoves in the opposite direction, dog I22 to cylinder III and cause plunger III to shift plunger III and valve member II toward the.

right until valve member II is in the position shownin Fig. 5.-

. Shifting valve member II to the position shown in Fig. I will disconnect channel II4 from channel III and connect it to drain channel III, and then I2 (Fig. 2) will move them 'outward to increase.

, the displacement of motor 2. Bridges I2 in moving outward will cause levers I4 and II to move piston I2 toward'the right and piston 12 will' expel liquid from cylinder II through channel II. choke III (Fi 1), check valve III, channel II4 and valve casing II into drain channel III, cho e III limiting the rate at which liquid may be expelled from cylinder "II and thereby limiting the rate at which motor displacement is increased.

When the pressure created by pump I drops below the given value, spring I'I win shift valve member II to the position shown Fig. land then liquid will flow through valve I to cylinder II and cause piston I2 to reduce the displacement of motor 2. I

As previously explained. pump I is. adapted to deliver liquid into channel 4 or channel I in response to the plunger 2'l of pump controlvalve 2I being shifted in one direction or the otherby one or the other of solenoids II and 4i to thereby causepump slide block Ito be shifted in one Current for energizing solenoids II and 4I is supplied thereto from a power line shown as consisting of two conductors III and III. Current is directed to one or the other of solenoids II and the pressure acting upon the inner faces of bridges will swing freely upon its pivot as it'passes switch arm I2I so that switch III is not operated.

When table I approaches the limit of its movement toward the left, dog III will engage the switch III to the position shown in Fig. 5 which, as will presently be explained, will effect reversal of table I. when table I moves in the opposite direction, dog I2I will swing freely upon its pivot as it passes switch armIII so that switch III is 1 not operated.

Limit switch III has one pair of contacts di'sposed at one side of arm III and another pair of contacts disposed at the other side thereof. One contact of one pair is connected to one end of the winding of solenoid 40 by a conductor I28, one

contact of the other pair is connected to one end of the winding of solenoid H by a conductor I29, and the other ends of both windings are connected by a conductor III to power line III.

The other two'cont'acts of switch I are both I connected by a conductor III to one terminal of a magnetic switch II4 the second terminal of which is connected by a conductor III to one terminal of a normally open starting switch III and to one terminal of a normally closed stop switch I" the second terminal of which is connected by a conductor III to power line III. The magnet III of switch II4 has one end of its winding connected to power line III by a conductor I4I.

' The other end of this windlhg is connected by a conductor III to the second terminal of switch III and it i also connected tothe terminal of switch II4 to which conductor III is Assuming that the parts are in the positions shown in Fig. land that pumps I and II are runnlnt. the drive will operate as follows:

, Pressure from gear pump is will extend through position shown in Fig. s so that channels 33 and t l are open to drain channel 35 and gear pump liquid will flow to cylinder 9 and cause piston 83 to move slide block l toward the left so that pump 3 discharges into channel ii. The pressure creasaaoco plunger ens and valve member 95 toward the right until valve member as is in the position shown in Fig. 5 so that the displacement of motor 2 is increased to maximum as previously explained.

The excess liquid discharged into channel is exhausted through a suitable relief valve which opens at a pressure in excess of the pressure required to enable motor 2 to drive table l at the desired speed. For the purpose of illustration.

I two oppositely opening relief valves M3 and hid ated in channel 5 by pump 3 will extend through i channels its and its to cylinder Md and, since a large force is required to overcome the friction and inertia of table it, pump pressure will rise high enough to cause plunger its. to shift valve member 95 to the position shown in Fig. 5 so that cylinder l3 (Fig. 2) is connected to drain and the pressure acting upon the inner faces of bridges 52 will increase motor displacement as previously explained. Then the liquid discharged by pump 8 will flow through channel 5,

motor Zand channel it back to pump 3 and cause motor 2 to operate in a counterclockwise direction and move table 5 toward the left at slow speed.

After table I has been started and accelerated, less force is required to keep it moving so that the pressure drops and permits spring 31 to move valve member 95 to the position shown in Fi 1 so that liquid is directed to cylinder 13 to decrease motor displacement at the rate determined by choke H0. Since at this time there is'little if any pressure in channel 4, valve plunger 38 remains in the position shown in Fig. 1 so that motor 2 is adjusted to a minimum displacement and drives table I toward the left at high speed.

As table I approaches the limit 0! its movement toward the left, dog I23 engages the left hand fork of switch arm I2I and operates switch I20 to the position shown in Fig. 5, thereby breaking the circuit through solenoid to deenergize it and establishing a circuit (I I3-I33-I3|-I35 I34I3I--I20-I284I'-I307-,II3) to energize solenoid 4! which will shirt valve plunger 21 toward the leit to the position shown in Fig. 5. Liquid from gear pump I3 will now flow through channel 2I, valve 28 and channels 33 and 34 to cylinder I3 and cause pistons II and I2 to move' pump slide block 1 toward the right at the rate determined by choke 25 so that, as soon as slideblock I passes-its central position, pump 3 will discharge into channel 4.

If the force required to overcome the inertia of table I did not exceed the force required to overcome the friction thereof, table I would'be decelerated as fast as the displacement of pump a 3 was reduced and it would stop as soon as pump displacement was reduced to zero.

However, a large amount of energy was stored in table I and connected moving parts during its rapid movement toward the leit and this energy tends to keep it moving in the same direction at the same speed so that table I will drive motor 2 and cause it to function as a pump and discharge liquid into channel 4.

Until the displacement of pump 3 is reduced to zero, motor 2 will discharge liquid into channel 4 at a rate inexcess of the rate at which pump 3 draws liquid from channel 4 and, after pump 3 isreversed and until motor 2 is-reversed, both the pump and the motor will discharge into channel 4, thereby creating in channel 4 a'high pressure which extends through channels I03 and I03 to cylinder H6 and causes plunger II! to move are shown connected between channels Ea and a so that the excess liquid exhausted from the high pressure channel is directed into the low pressure channel, thereby leaving to gear pump is only the task of making up leakage losses.

However, this arrangement is ordinarily not satisfactory for the reason that it does not include suitable provision for dissipating enough of the heat generated when liquid is exhausted through a. relief valve. In practice, the pump has its relief valves arranged inside its casing and adapted to discharge into the pump reservoir and the pump is provided with a suction valve which automatically connects the low pressure side of the pump to the reservoir, as previously explained, so that motor 2 when driven by table I can draw its supply of liquid directly from the pump reservoir.

Since motor 2 is creating a high pressure in channel 4, increasing its displacement causes a corresponding increase in its torque and enables it to decelerate table I to zero speed in a minimum period of time and with a minimum of overrun, that is, table I will move only a short distance beyond the point at which limit switch I 20 is operated.

If pump 3 should be reversed quickly, both it and motor 2 would discharge into channel A and a large volume of liquid would be exhausted through valve I44 but, if choke 25 is so adjusted that pump slide block 1 reaches its zero displacement position Just as or just before the speed of table I is reduced to zero, only a small amount of energy is wasted at the relief valve. When the speed of table I is reduced to zero, the liquid discharged by pump 3 into channel I causes motor 2 to operate in a clockwise direction and starts table I moving toward the right. Since a large force isrequired to start table I moving toward the right, the pressure in channels 4. I08 and I08 remains high enough to enable plunger ill to hold valve member in the position shown in Fig. 5 so that motor 2 remains adjusted at its maximum displacement and has a high torque available for starting table I.

Since the force required to keep table I moving is less than the force required to start it, the pressure in channel 4 will drop shortly after table I starts moving toward the right. This decrease in pressure will permit spring 31 to return valve member 95 to the position shown in Fig. 1 to effect a reduction in motor displacement in the.

-mediate displacement and will move table I toward the right at a speed suitable for a tool to take a cut from work carried by table I when stop switch I3'I closes.

As table I approaches the limit of its movement toward the right, dog I22 will engage the right hand fork of switch arm I2I and operate switch I20 to the position shown in Fig. 1, thereby breaking the circuit through'solenoid ll and of table I at the end of its movement toward the left. e

solenoid III or ll that is energized at the time.

Deenergizing the solenoid permits pump control valve plunger 21 to be returned by one or the other of springs 33 and 31 to the position shown in Fig. 1, thereby causing the displacement of pump 3 to be reduced to zero as previously explained.

Dee'nergizing magnet I39 permits switch Ill to open so that neither solenoid can be energized The machine will remain idle until starting switch I36 is closed.

An electrically controlled machine tool having a reciprocable table is ordinarily provided with one or more inching switches by means of which the table may be caused to move in a desired direction under the control of the operator. The

- table will move only while an inching switch is held closed and it will stop when the switch is released. Since inching switches are well known and form no part of the present invention, no'

such switch is shown in the drawings.

Fig. 5

Instead of motor displacement being increased in response to an increase in pressure during reversal, it may be increased in response to the positioning of a control element such use dog carried by a reciprocating machine tool carriage or the lever which controls the swinging machinery of an excavator.

For the purpose of illustration, this'feature of .merals and no further description thereof is deemed necessary.

As shown, the drive is provided with a motor displacement control valve 34 which performs the same function as the valve 34 shown in Fig. 1, is connected into the circuit in exactly the same manner, and is identical theretoexcept that its plunger 85 is adapted to be shifted toward the right by a solenoid I 50 instead of by servo-motors IIl-II5 and Ill-TIT.

Solenoid I50 is controlled by two single acting snap switches III and-I52 arranged upon opp site sides of limitswitch I23 and provided, respectively, with forked actuating arms I33. and I" which are adapted to be operated by two dogs I" andlll carried, respectively, by the blocks I24 and III on table I. Switches I33, III

and I! are arranged in different planes so that each dog can operate only one switch.

Switches iii and II3 have one contact of each connected by a conductor I II to power line II! and the other contact of each connected by a conductor I53 to one end of the winding of solenoid I". The other end of the winding of solenoid I" is connected by a conductor I" to conductor I33 which is connected to power line I I3 so that solenoid I" is energized when either of switches III or I53 isclosed.

When table I approaches the end of its movement toward the left, dog I23 will engage the left hand fork of switch arm III and operate limit switch in from the position shown in Fig. 1v to the position shown in Fig. and thereby cause pump 3 to be reversed as previously explained. At the same time, dog I" will engage the left hand fork of switch arm I and close switch II! so that solenoid In is energized and shifts valve member to the position shown in Fig. 5 to thereby cause the displacement of motor 3 to be increased to maximum in the previously described manner.

Motor 2 will decelerate table I to zero spec and then move it toward the right. As table I moves toward the right, dog I23 will pass over switch arm III without operating it but dog I" will engage the right hand fork of switch arm I" and open switch I33 to deehergize solenoid III and permit valve member." to return to the position shown in Fig. l and therebycause the displacement of motor 3 to be reduced as previously explained.

Table I will move toward the right at cutting speed until dog I33 operates switch I 33 to effect 'reversal of pump 3 and dog I I! simultaneously closes switch III to cause the displacement of motor I to be increased to maximum and thereby enable motor 2 to quickly decelerate table I and start it moving toward the left. The displacement of motor I willremain at maximum until dog Ill opens switch III and then the displacement of motor 2 will be reduced as previously explained.

The arrangement is such that motor 2 is at maximum displacement and is capable of exerting maximum torque during deceleration of table I and during acceleration ,thereof until table I reaches the point at which deceleration started.

In order that the planer may be stopped quickly, the drive has been shown in Fig. 5 as being provided with a double acting stop switch I31- the upper contacts of which are connected in circuit in the'same manner that switch I31 is connected in circuit. Switch I31 has one of its lower contacts connected by a conductor I" to conductor I33 and its other lower contact connected by a conductor III- to conductor I I3.

' The arrangement is such that when switch I31 is operated to stop the planer. it will break the circuit through magnet I39 and the solenoid II or I that is energized at that time and thereby cause the displacement of pump 3 to be reduced to zero as previously explained. At the same time, it will establish a circuit (I Il-I33-Il0-I3I without departing from the scope of the invention which is hereby claimed as follows:

1. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving on inertia load, a pump for supplying motive liquid to said motor 'to energize the same, means for varying the delivery of liquid to said motor to thereby cause said motor to accelerate or decelerate said load,

and means acting substantially coincidently with said acceleration or deceleration for increasing the displacement of said motor to thereby rovide additional motor torque to effect said accelera= tion or deceleration.

2.- A hydraulic drive, comprising a, variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load, a variable displacementpump for supplying motive liquid to said motor to energize the same, means drsulic means, and means responsive to said in crease in pressure for operating said valve to cause said hydraulic means to eflect an increase I in motor displacement and thereby provide additional motor torque to enable said motor to read- .ily eflect said variation in speed.

3. A hydraulic drive, comprising a. variable displacement motor for moving an inertia. load, a pump for supplying motive liquid to said motor to energize the same, means for varying the delivery of liquid to said motor to thereby cause said motor to accelerateor decelerate said load, means responsive to said load reaching a given point for eflecting operation of said delivery varying means, and means operable approximately in unison with said last mentioned means for increasing the displacement of said motor to thereby provide additional. motor torque for effecting deceleration or acceleration of sad load.

4. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load, a

variable displacement pump for supplying motive liquid to said motor to energize the same, means -tcr varyin the displacement of said pump to thereby cause said motor to accelerate or decelerate said load, means acting substantially coincidently with said acceleration or deceleration for increasing the displacement or said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque to eflect said acceleration or deceleration, and means for limiting the rate at which pump displacement is varied. '5. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving on inertia load, a pump for supplying liquid to said motor to enable it to move said load, iluldchannels connecting said pump and said motor and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit, means for reversing the flow in said circuit to thereby cause said motor to reverse the direction of movement of said load, and means acting substantially coincidently with said reversal of flow for increasing the displacement or said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque for efiecting deceleration and acceleration of said load during reversal thereof.

6. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load, a pump for supplying liquid to said motor to enable it to move said load, fluid channels connectsee s 7. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load, a reversible pump for supplying liquid to said motor to enable it to move said load, means for reversing said pump to thereby cause said motor to reverse the direction of movement of said load. means acting substantially coincidently with the reversal of said pump for increasing the displacement of said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque for efiecting deceleration and acceleration of said load during reversal thereof,

and means for limiting the rate at which said pump is reversed.

8. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load. a reversible pump for supplying liquid to said motor to enable it to move said load. means for reversing said pump to thereby cause said motor to reverse the direction of movement of said load, means responsive to said load reaching a given point for effecting operation of said pump reversing means, means acting substantially coincidently with the reversal 01 said pump for increasing the displacement of said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque for eflecting deceleration and acceleration of said load durin reversal thereof. and means for limiting the rate at which said pump is reversed.

9. A hydraulic drive, comprising a variable displacement motor ior moving on inertia load, a pump for supplying motive liquid to said motor to energize the same, means for varying the delivery of liquid to said motor to thereby cause said motor to accelerate or decelerate said load. hydraulic means for adjusting said motor to vary the displacement thereof between predetermined maximum and limited displacements, a valve for controlling said hydraulic means and shiitable between two positions in the first of which it causes said hydraulic means to adjust said motor to a limited displacement and in the second or which it causes said hydraulic means to ad- Just said motor to a maximum displacement. meansfor normally retaining said valve in its first position, and means acting coincidently with said acceleration or deceleration for shifting said valve to its second position to increase motor dising said motor to vary the displacement thereof between predetermined maximum and limited displacements, avalve for controlling said hydraulic means and shlitable between two positions in the first of which it causes said hydraulic means to adjust said motor to a. limited displacement and in the second of which it causes said hydraulic means to adjust said motor to a maxivalve shiitable to twopositions in one oi which it mum displacement, means for normally retaining said valve in its ilrst position, means responsive to said load reaching a given point ior cii'ecting operation 01- said pump. displacement varyins means. and means operable approi'zimately in unison with said last mentioned means for'shli'tins said valve to its second position to increasemotor displacementand thereby provide additional motor torque for accelerating or decelerating said load. i

11. A hydraulic drive. com rising a variable displacement motor for moving an inertia load. a pump for supplying liquid to said motor to enable it to move said load. fluid channels connectingsaid pump and motor to each other and form-- ing therewith a hydraulic circuit. meansi'or reversing the flow in said circuit to thereby cause said motor to decelerate'said load to zero speed and thenaccelerate it in the opposite direction.

the inertia of said lead causing an increase in the pressure in said circuit during decel ration and acceleration of said load. and 'means responsive to said increase IIIDI'GBBUIB for increasing the displacement oi said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque for effecting dccel eration or acceleration of said load.

12. A hydraulic drive. comprising a variable placement motor for moving an inertia load.

same to reduce motor displacement and directs liquid to said servo-motor to cause the in the other of which itconnects said servo-motor to drain to permit the pressure in said motor win- 'crease motor displacement. means for normally urging said valve to its iirst position, and means responsive to the pressure in said circuit oxceeding a predetermined value for shifting said ;valve to its second position.

16. A hydraulic ,drive. comprising a pump. a variable displacement vane type'motor energised by liquid supplied thereto byssid pump and hay-i ingdisplacement varying means urged toward maximum displacement position by the pressure al said liquid. fluid channels connecting said pump and said 'motor and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit. m ans iorvarying the flow in said circuit, a hydraulic servo-motor (or moving said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement position. .a iirst stop for prcventing said servo-motor iromm'oving said motor displacement varying means beyond a minimum displacement positi0n,.a hydraulically actuated stopadapted when ener ized to prevent said servo-motor from moving-said motor displacement varying means beyond an intermediate dis-.

. placement position. means responsive to the presa pump for supplying l quid to said motor to enable it to move said lead. iluid channels connectins'said pump and motor to each other and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit. means re-' sponsive to said lead recchins s sivcn point for reversing the flow in said circuit to thereby cause said motor to decelerete said load to zero speed and than accelerate it in the opposite direction. the inertia oi said load causing an increase in the pressure in said circuit during deceleration and acceleration of said load. and means responsive. to said increase in pressure for increasinsi the displacement oi said motor to thereby provide additional motor torque for ci'iecting'decel v oration or acceleration oi" said lead.

18. A hydraulic drive. comprising a pump. a variable displacement vane type motor energized by liquid supplied thereto by said pump and ha ing displacement varying means arsed toward maximum displacement position by the pressure of said liquid. iluid channels connecting said pump and said motor and iorming therewith a hydraulic circuit. means icr varying the flow in said circuit. a hydraulic servo-motor for moving said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement position. and means ior supplying motive liquid to said servo-motor including a valve opcrabiesubstsntially coincidently with the operation oi said how. varying means sure in one side of said circuitexceeding a predetermined value tor directing liquid. tosaidhy- 'draulically actuated stop to energize the same.

and shiitable to two positions inone oi: which it directs liquid to said servo-motor to cause the same to reduce motor displacement and in the other oi which it connects said servo-motor to drain to permit the pressure in said motor to increase motor displacement.

ii. A hydraulic drive, comprising a pump, a

variable displacement vane-type motor energised by liquid supplied thereto bl! said pump andhav;

log displacement varyingmoans urged toward maximum displacement position by the pressure of said liquid, fluid channels cosmetics said pump and said motor. and iormins therewith a hydraulic circuit. means tor vcryingthe flow in said circuit, a hydraulic servo-motor for moving said motor displacement varying means toward. zero displacement positlon.'mcsns for supplying '1 motive liquid to said servo-motor including a means for supplying motive liquid to said servomotor including a valve ehiitable to two positions in one or which it directs liquid to said V servo-motor to cause thc'sarnc to reduce motor displacement and in the other oiwhich it con nects said servo-motor to drain to permit the pressure in said motor to increase motor displace- .ment. and means i'or shitting said valve from one to the other of its two positions.

16. A hydraulic drive, comprising a pump. a variable displacement vane ,type motor energised by liquid supplied thereto by said pump and having. displacement varying means urged toward maximum displacement position by the pressure of said liquid. fluid channels connecting said pump and said motor and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit. means ior varying. the flow in .a predetermined value for directing liquid to.

said hydraulically actuated stop to energies the same, and means for supplying motive liquid to said servo-motor including a valve operable substsntislly coincidcntly with the operation of said flow varying means and shittable to two positions in one of which it directs liquid to said servomotcr to cause the same to reduce motor displaccmcnt and in the other or which it connects said servo-motor to drain to permit the pressure in said motor'tc increase motor displacement.

17. A. hydraulic drive. cemprisins a pump. a variable displacement vane type motor energised by liquid supplied thereto by said pump and having displacement varying moans urged toward maximum displacement pcsiticnby the pressure w or as liquid, fluid channels connecting said pump and said motor and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit, means for varying the flow in said circuit, a hydraulic servo-motor for moving ,said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement position, a first stop for preventing said servo-motor from moving said motor displacement varying means beyond a'minimum displacement position, a hydraulically actuated stop adapted when energized to prevent said servo-motor from moving said motor displacement varying means beyond an intermediate dis-' placement position, means responsive to the pressure in one side of said circuit exceeding a predetermined value for directing liquid to said bydraulically actuated stop to energize the same, means ior"supplying motive liquid to said servomotor including a valve shiitable to two positions in one of which it directs liquid to said servomotor to cause; the same to reduce motor displacement and in the other of which it connects b said servo-motorto drainto permit the pressure in said motor to increase motor displacement,

' ing displacement varyingmeans urged toward maximum displacement position by the pressure of said liquid, fluid channels connecting said pump and said motor and forming therewith a hydraulic circuit, means for reversing the flow in said circuit to thereby reverse said motor, a hydraulic servo-motor for moving said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement 'position, a first stop for preventing said servo-motor from moving said motor displacemotor from moving said motor displacement hydraulic servo-motor for moving said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement position, a first stopilor preventin said servo-motor from moving said motor displacement varying means beyond a minimum displacement' position, ahydraulically actuated stop adapted when energized to prevent said servovarying means beyond an intermediate displacement position, means including a valve for supplying liquid to said hydraulically actuated stop to energize the same, means responsive to the reversal of flow in said circuit for operatinglsaid valve, means for supplying motive liquid to said servo-motor including a second valve shiitable l to two positions in one of which it directs liquid to said servo-motor to cause the same to reduce motor displacement and in the other of which it connects said servo-motor to drain to permit the pressure in said motor to increase motor displacement, and means for shitting said second valve from one to the other of its two positions. 20. A hydraulic drive, comprising a'pump, a variable displacement vane type motor energized by liquid supplied thereto by said pump and having displacement varying means urged toward maximum displacement position by the pressure oi. said liquid, fluid channels connecting said pump and said motor and forming therewith a hydrau1i circuit, means for reversing the flow in ment varying means beyond a minimum displacement position, a hydraulically actuated stop adapted when energized to prevent said servomotor from moving said motor displacement varying means beyond an intermediate displacement position means including a valve for supplying liquid to said hydraulically actuated stop, to energize the same, means responsive to the reversal offlow in said circuit for operating said valve, means for-supplying motive liquid to saids ervomotor including a second valve, and means responsive to the pressure in said circuit exceeding a; predetermined value for end valve to its second position.

' 19. A hydraulic drive, comprising a pump; a variable displacement vane type motor energized by liquid supplied thereto by said pump and havshifting said sec- 7 said circuit to thereby reverse said motorfa hydraulic servo-motor for moving said motor displacement varying means toward zero displacement position, a first stop for preventing said servo-motor from moving saidmotor displacement varying means beyond a minimum disversal of flovv in said circuit for operating said valve, means for supplying motiveliquid to said servo-motor including a second valve, means for normally urging said second valve to its first position, and means responsive to the pressure in .said circuit exceeding a predetermined value for shifting said second valve to its second position.

v C WAL'E'm mate. 

